Helicopter support provided a valuable supplementary capability during the incident, enhancing situational awareness across a large and complex incident ground. Aerial observations supported command decision making, informed sector plans, and assisted in identifying emerging risks to control lines, critical infrastructure and surrounding areas. This capability was effectively supplemented by drone operations, which delivered intelligence, mapping and observational benefits.

The helicopter also provided an additional tactical option in areas that were difficult to access due to terrain, fire behaviour and the presence of unexploded ordnance (UXO). Early in the incident, on 13 and 14 August, Forestry England funded the deployment of a helicopter to support efforts to prevent further fire spread within their land. This enabled targeted water dousing, which was proportionate and appropriate at that time and in that location.

From 15 August, North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service assumed responsibility for ongoing helicopter costs. Following the initial Forestry England funded deployment, NYFRS engaged early with MHCLG to seek clarity on the potential for central government support through the Bellwin Scheme.

As the incident entered a period of relative stability, the effectiveness of helicopter use was increasingly influenced by a range of operational and environmental constraints, including weather conditions, smoke density, airspace considerations and proximity to critical national infrastructure. At times, flying conditions were unsuitable, limiting availability. In addition, the scale of the incident, combined with deep seated peat fire and extensive fuel loads, meant that aerial water drops had limited impact on sustained fire suppression. As a result, helicopter capability was not relied upon as a primary tactic throughout the incident.

By contrast, drone capability provided persistent aerial situational awareness without many of the same risk, cost and access constraints associated with crewed aviation. Drones were able to operate flexibly in reduced visibility windows, closer to the fireground and for extended durations, strengthening intelligence led decision making while reducing exposure and dependency on complex aviation operating conditions.

The helicopter was therefore retained as a contingency capability, held on standby to deliver targeted water application where required, particularly in inaccessible areas or where control lines were identified as being at risk. This reflects a proportionate and risk based approach, balancing operational benefit against cost, availability and the anticipated duration of what became a protracted incident.

What Worked Well
• Rapid mobilisation through partner funding arrangements enabled early access to helicopter support
• Aerial visibility significantly improved situational awareness and informed decision-making
• Supported operations in inaccessible and high-risk areas, including where UXO constrained ground access.

Learning Opportunities
• Ensure expectations regarding the effectiveness of water bombing in peat and large-scale wildfire conditions are built into training
• Undertake a review of capability and assured access to drones to strengthen operational situational awareness.